Carotid and femoral bruits as cardiovascular risk indicators in a middle-aged Finnish population: A 20-year prospective study

BackgroundEffective treatment and prevention of cardiovascular (CV) diseases requires reliable methods of assessing individual CV event risk. Although standardized risk calculators like Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) are sufficient in most instances, sometimes more specific clinical examination is needed to determine the most optimal intervention and its intensity.AimTo study whether carotid and femoral bruits provide prognostic information on CV events, CV mortality and all-cause mortality beyond traditional CV risk factors.Methods1045 subjects (49.8% men), aged 51.3 ± 5.97 years were clinically examined in the beginning of 1990's. The subjects were followed for over 20 years and data on CV events and causes of deaths was collected.ResultsDuring the follow-up period, 241 (23.1%) of the subjects died and 82 (34.6%) of the deaths were of CV origin. Carotid bruits were a significant risk factor for CV deaths only if subjects with previous CV events were included. After adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, LDL cholesterol, coronary artery disease and stroke, carotid bruits posed a hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) of 4.15 (2.39-8.52) p