From the Criminalization of Substances to the “War on Drugs” Policy: A Century of Prohibitionism in Brazil

Abstract In 1921, Decree 4,294 defined prohibitionism as the referential model of state response to drugs in Brazil. One century later, not only is the approach still enshrined in national legislation but also materialized in a complex institutional and bureaucratic network of governance and public...

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Veröffentlicht in:Revista direito GV 2024-01, Vol.20
Hauptverfasser: Silva, José Guilherme Magalhães e, Zilli, Luís Felipe, Souza, Letícia Godinho de
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Sprache:eng
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Zusammenfassung:Abstract In 1921, Decree 4,294 defined prohibitionism as the referential model of state response to drugs in Brazil. One century later, not only is the approach still enshrined in national legislation but also materialized in a complex institutional and bureaucratic network of governance and public policies. This paper examines the evolution of drug policies in Brazil over the past century, exploring how a web of normative, political, and institutional devices converged to entrench the hegemony of the prohibitionist approach in public responses to drugs. A systematic analysis of national and international legislation reveals that the prohibitionist enterprise was successful in Brazil due to two factors: i) as an ideational set, it was integrated into structuring discursive fields of Brazilian political culture, dialoguing with the stigmatization of marginalized populations and criminalization of their practices; and ii) as an ordering principle of public policy, it has demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability, incorporating elements of alternative models into its framework without compromising its fundamental structures. Political innovations implemented in Brazil since the 1990s (especially decriminalization and damage reduction models) have been able to neither shake the definition of drugs as a moral and criminal problem, nor prevent its instrumentalization as a policy of socio-spatial control of lower classes. Resumo Em 1921, o Decreto n. 4.294 definiu o proibicionismo como modelo referencial de resposta estatal às drogas no Brasil. Um século depois, a abordagem segue consagrada na legislação nacional, mas agora materializada também em uma complexa rede institucional e burocrática de governança e políticas públicas. Este artigo analisa cem anos de trajetória das políticas de drogas no país, buscando compreender como, ao longo desse período, uma complexa trama de dispositivos normativos, políticos e institucionais se articulou para estabelecer a hegemonia da abordagem proibicionista sobre o campo das respostas públicas às drogas no Brasil. A partir de análise sistemática de legislação nacional e internacional, conclui-se que a empreitada proibicionista obteve sucesso no país em decorrência de duas ordens de fatores: i) enquanto conjunto ideacional, integrou-se a campos discursivos estruturantes da própria cultura política brasileira, dialogando com processos de estigmatização de populações marginalizadas e de criminalização de suas práticas;
ISSN:2317-6172
2317-6172
DOI:10.1590/2317-6172202418