The resilience of rice under water stress will be driven by better roots: Evidence from root phenotyping, physiological, and yield experiments

•Rice production suffers from water stress as an important production constraint and there is a need to develop resilient varieties that can help sustain rice yields under changing climate.•Roots will be central to our efforts to increase rice yields under moisture stress. Despite the substantial experimental evidence for the importance of root traits in drought tolerance, lesser efforts have been directed towards drought-adaptive root traits based on the selection index in rice.•Root phenes are not as high in number and exploring the natural variation of root traits could assist rice improvement programs in developing varieties with desired root phenes for target environments.•The underlying bases of morphological and physiological responses of rice roots under stress have been investigated in detail and substantial resources about the mechanisms are available, including genes and QTLs for improved root architecture.•Roots have a significant and potential role in determining the resilience of rice varieties for future farming systems based on evidence from root phenotyping, the relationship of root phenes with physiological efficiency and yield under water stress in rice. Rice is the principal food grain crop of the world, grown on over 164 million hectares. Water is an important production constraint in food crops. Till recently, crop breeding efforts have mainly focused on the shoot, whereas most of the major drivers of the yield gap directly influence the root system, thereby implicating the plant's resource acquisition efficiency. Despite the substantial experimental evidence for the importance of root traits in drought tolerance, lesser efforts have been directed towards drought-adaptive root traits based on the selection index in rice. The above-ground components are easy to phenotype, and lesser efforts towards root traits stem mainly from the phenotyping bottlenecks of reliable recovery and evaluation of root traits. Moreover, greater phenotypic plasticity of root traits in response to changes in soil resource status, and lack of less costly screening techniques for roots is still a challenge, leading to comparatively lesser information about the potential role of roots in developing drought-resilient rice varieties. Root phenes are not as high in number as is the huge shopping list of above-ground traits and exploring the natural variation of root traits could assist rice improvement programs in developing varieties with desired root phenes for t