Time course changes in in vivo muscle mechanical function and Ca2+ regulation of force following experimentally induced gradual ovarian failure in mice

The abrupt cessation of ovarian hormone release is associated with declines in muscle contractile function, yet the impact of gradual ovarian failure on muscle contractility across peri‐, early‐ and late‐stage menopause remains unclear. In this study, a 4‐vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)‐induced ovarian failure mouse model was used to examine time course changes in muscle mechanical function. Plantar flexors of female mice (VCD: n = 10; CON: n = 8) were assessed at 40 (early perimenopause), 80 (late perimenopause), 120 (menopause onset) and 176 (late menopause) days post‐initial VCD injection. A torque–frequency relationship was established across a range of frequencies (10–200 Hz). Isotonic dynamic contractions were elicited against relative loads (10–80% maximal isometric torque) to determine the torque–velocity–power relationship. Mice then performed a fatigue task using intermittent 100 Hz isometric contractions until torque dropped by 60%. Recovery of twitch, 10 Hz and 100 Hz torque were tracked for 10 min post‐task failure. Additionally, intact muscle fibres from the flexor digitorum brevis underwent a fatigue task (50 repetitions at 70 Hz), and 10 and 100 Hz tetanic [Ca2+] were monitored for 10 min afterward. VCD mice exhibited 16% lower twitch torque than controls across all time points. Apart from twitch torque, 10 Hz torque and 10 Hz tetanic [Ca2+], where VCD showed greater values relative to pre‐fatigue during recovery, no significant differences were observed between control and VCD mice during recovery. These results indicate that gradual ovarian failure has minimal detriments to in vivo muscle mechanical function, with minor alterations observed primarily for low‐frequency stimulation during recovery from fatigue. What is the central question of this study? In a mouse model of gradual ovarian failure (4‐vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, VCD), how does muscle mechanical function change during the perimenopausal transition into early and late menopause? What is the main finding and its importance? VCD and control mice experienced similar time course changes in mechanical function, and exhibited mostly similar impairments in function during a fatigue task and throughout recovery. These findings indicate there is minimal impact of gradual ovarian failure on joint level muscle mechanical function.