Hardware-Implemented Security Processing Unit for Program Execution Monitoring and Instruction Fault Self-Repairing on Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are increasingly applied in numerous security-sensitive applications, such as industrial controls, railway transports, intelligent vehicles, avionics and aerospace. However, embedded systems are compromised in the execution of untrusted programs, where the instructions could be maliciously tampered with to cause unintended behaviors or program execution failures. Particularly for remote-controlled embedded systems, program execution monitoring and instruction fault self-repair are important to avoid unintended behaviors and execution interruptions. Therefore, this paper presents a hardware-enhanced embedded system with the integration of a Security Processing Unit (SPU) in which integrity signature checking and checkpoint-rollback mechanisms are coupled to achieve real-time program execution monitoring and instruction fault self-repairing. This System-on-Chip (SoC) design was implemented and validated on the Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA development platform. Based on the evaluation of the SPU in terms of the performance overhead, security capability, and resource consumption, the experimental results show that, while the CPU executes different benchmarks, the average performance overhead of the SPU lowers to 1.92% at typical 8-KB I/D caches, and it provides both program monitoring and fault self-repairing capabilities. Unlike conventional hardware detection technologies that require manual handling to recovery program executions, the CPU–SPU collaborative SoC is a resilient architecture equipped with instruction tampering detection and a post-detection strategy of instruction fault self-repairing. Moreover, the embedded system satisfies a good balance between high security and resource consumption.