Effectiveness of a Person-Centered Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Treatment of Post-COVID-19 Condition: Protocol for a Single-Case Experimental Design Study

Patients with post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) experience a wide range of complaints (physical, cognitive, and mental), sometimes with high levels of disability in daily activities. Evidence of effective interdisciplinary rehabilitation treatment is lacking. A person-centered, biopsychosocial, interdisciplinary rehabilitation program, adapted to expert opinions and the patient's needs, was therefore developed. This study aims to present a study protocol for a clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a new, person-centered, interdisciplinary rehabilitation treatment for PCC. It is aimed at improving participation in society and health-related quality of life in patients with PCC who perceive a high level of disability in daily activities or participation. A total of 20 Dutch adults, aged 18 years or older, with high levels of disability in daily activities and participation in society will be included in this replicated and randomized single-case experimental design study, from October 2023 onward. The replicated and randomized single-case experimental design consists of 3 phases. The baseline phase is the observational period, in which no specific treatment will be given. In the intervention phase, patients will receive the new outpatient treatment 3 times a week for 12 weeks, followed by a 12-week follow-up phase. During the intervention phase, the treatment will be personalized according to the patient's physical, mental, and cognitive symptoms and goals. The treatment team can consist of a rehabilitation physician, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, and psychologist. The primary outcomes of the study are daily diaries, which consist of 8 questions selected from validated questionnaires (Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation, EQ-5D-5L, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). The other primary outcome measurements are participation in society (Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation) and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). The secondary outcomes are physical tests and validated questionnaires aimed at physical, mental, and cognitive complaints. Effect evaluation based on daily assessments will include visual analysis, calculation of effect sizes (Nonoverlap of All Pairs), randomization tests, and multilevel analysis. In addition, other analyses will be based on ANOVA or a 2-tailed Student t test. Data collection for this study started in October 2023 and is planned to be compl