Beat-to-beat alterations of acoustic intensity and frequency at the maximum power of heart sounds are associated with NT-proBNP levels

Auscultatory features of heart sounds (HS) in patients with heart failure (HF) have been studied intensively. Recent developments in digital and electrical devices for auscultation provided easy listening chances to recognize peculiar sounds related to diastolic HS such as S or S . This study aimed to quantitatively assess HS by acoustic measures of intensity (dB) and audio frequency (Hz). Forty consecutive patients aged between 46 and 87 years (mean age, 74 years) with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) were enrolled in the present study after providing written informed consent during their visits to the Kitasato University Outpatient Clinic. HS were recorded at the fourth intercostal space along the left sternal border using a highly sensitive digital device. Two consecutive heartbeats were quantified on sound intensity (dB) and audio frequency (Hz) at the peak power of each spectrogram of S -S using audio editing and recording application software. The participants were classified into three groups, namely, the absence of HF ( = 27), HF ( = 8), and high-risk HF ( = 5), based on the levels of NT-proBNP