Memory stem CD8 + T cells in HIV/Mtb mono- and co-infection: characteristics, implications, and clinical significance

Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and ( ) co-infection presents a significant public health challenge worldwide. Comprehensive assessment of the immune response in HIV/ co-infection is complex and challenging. CD8 T cells play a pivotal role in the adaptive immune response to both HIV and . The differentiation of CD8 T cells follow a hierarchical pattern, with varying degrees of exhaustion throughout the process. Memory stem T cells (T cells) is at the apex of the memory T lymphocyte system, which has recently emerged as a promising target in immunotherapy. In this context, we discuss the alterations of CD8 T cells in HIV/ mono- and co-infection, their implications and clinical significance, and potential for improving immunotherapy.