An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions

The geographic origin of gem corundum has emerged as one of its major value factors. Combined with gemological observations, trace element analysis is a powerful tool for the determination of corundum provenance. However, owing to similar properties and features of gem corundum from different localities, but similar geological settings, and very low levels of many trace elements in gem corundum, the determination of geographic origin remains challenging. In this study, we present trace elements compositions determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for rubies and blue sapphires from several different localities of geologically similar deposits: high-Fe amphibolite-type rubies, low-Fe marble-type rubies, and metamorphic blue sapphires. In addition, we determined Sr and Pb isotopic ratios by offline laser ablation sampling followed by thermal ionization mass spectroscopy (TIMS). By applying new and existing elemental discrimination schemes and the multivariate statistical method linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we show that, in addition to the commonly used discriminators Mg, Fe, V, Ti, and Ga, the elements Ni, Zr, Cr, and Zn show potential for geographic origin determination. Amphibolite-type rubies from different localities can be discriminated using Sr and Pb isotope ratios, whereas the discrimination of marble-type ruby and metamorphic blue sapphires is limited. Our results re-emphasize the challenge of geographic origin determination and the need for a more powerful discriminatory tool.