Effects of Sodium Silicate Complex against Hemorrhagic Activities Induced by Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Venom

poses a serious medical threat to humans in Southern and Southeastern Asia. Hemorrhage is one of the conspicuous toxicities related to the pathology of envenoming. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed that a silica-derived reagent, sodium silicate complex (SSC), was able to neutralize hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities induced by pit viper venoms, including , and . In this study, we validated that SSC could neutralize enzymatic and toxic effects caused by the venom of . We found that SSC inhibited the hemolytic and proteolytic activities induced by venom in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that SSC could block intradermal hemorrhage caused by venom in a mouse model. Finally, SSC could neutralize lethal effects of venom in the mice. Therefore, SSC is a candidate for further development as a potential onsite first-aid treatment for envenoming.