Bacterial Community Survey of Wolbachia -Infected Parthenogenetic Parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Treated with Antibiotics and High Temperature

has been shown to induce thelytokous parthenogenesis in species, which have been widely used as biological control agents around the world. Little is known about the changes of bacterial community after restoring arrhenotokous or bisexual reproduction in the . Here, we investigate the emergence of males of through curing experiments (antibiotics and high temperature), crossing experiments, and high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (rRNA-seq). The results of curing experiments showed that both antibiotics and high temperatures could cause the thelytokous to produce male offspring. was dominant in the thelytokous bacterial community with 99.01% relative abundance. With the relative abundance of being depleted by antibiotics, the diversity and relative content of other endosymbiotic bacteria increased, and the reproductive mode reverted from thelytoky to arrhenotoky in . Although antibiotics did not eliminate in , sulfadiazine showed an advantage in restoring entirely arrhenotokous and successive bisexual reproduction. This study was the first to demonstrate the bacterial communities in parthenogenetic before and after antibiotics or high-temperature treatment. Our findings supported the hypothesis that titer-dependence drives a reproduction switch in between thelytoky and arrhenotoky.