Myeloid Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Contributes to Influenza A Virus Pathology in Mice

Innate immune responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection are initiated in part by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). TLR3-dependent signaling induces an antiviral immune response and an NFκB-dependent inflammatory response. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) inhibits the antiviral response and enhances the inflammatory response. PAR2 deficiency protected mice during IAV infection. However, the PAR2 expressing cell-types contributing to IAV pathology in mice and the mechanism by which PAR2 contributes to IAV infection is unknown. IAV infection was analyzed in global ( ), myeloid ( ;LysM ) and lung epithelial cell (EpC) deficient ( ;SPC ) mice and their respective controls ( and ). In addition, the effect of PAR2 activation on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) activation of TLR3 was analyzed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Lastly, we determined the effect of PAR2 inhibition in wild-type (WT) mice. After IAV infection, and mice with myeloid deficiency exhibited increased survival compared to infected controls. The improved survival was associated with reduced proinflammatory mediators and reduced cellular infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of and ;LysM 3 days post infection (dpi) compared to infected control mice. Interestingly, ;SPC mice showed no survival benefit compared to . studies showed that BMDM produced less IL6 and IL12p40 than BMDM after poly I:C stimulation. In addition, activation of PAR2 on BMDM increased poly I:C induction of IL6 and IL12p40 compared to poly I:C stimulation alone. Importantly, PAR2 inhibition prior to IAV infection protect WT mice. Global or myeloid cell but not lung EpC deficiency was associated with reduced BALF inflammatory markers and reduced IAV-induced mortality. Our study suggests that PAR2 may be a therapeutic target to reduce IAV pathology.