Testosterone deficiency and chronic kidney disease

Testosterone’s biological functions are extensive, influencing reproductive and systemic health. It plays a vital role in sexual functions, muscle protein synthesis, bone metabolism, fat distribution, and cardiovascular health. The hormone also affects mood, cognitive function, and erythropoiesis, underscoring its importance in both physical and mental health. Testosterone deficiency, or male hypogonadism, is increasingly recognized as a significant health issue affecting various bodily systems, also in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent research indicates a complex interplay between testosterone levels and renal health, suggesting that male hypogonadism may both impact and be impacted by CKD. The latter is characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function, affects millions globally and is often associated with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and autoimmune diseases. Men with CKD frequently experience lower testosterone levels, which can exacerbate muscle wasting, reduce quality of life, and increase cardiovascular risk. Overall, low testosterone levels in CKD patients are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several mechanisms explain the relationship between CKD and testosterone deficiency. The uremic environment in CKD disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, impairing hormone production. Nutritional deficiencies and chronic inflammation common in CKD patients further suppress gonadal function. The consequences of low testosterone in CKD are profound, with studies suggesting that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) might improve clinical outcomes, though the long-term effects and causal relationships remain under investigation. The potential benefits of TRT in CKD patients might be significant. TRT can enhance muscle mass and strength, address anemia by stimulating erythropoiesis, improve bone density, and possibly offer cardiovascular benefits by improving body composition and insulin sensitivity. General symptoms of male hypogonadism, such as deteriorated psychological, sexual and physical wellbeing, can be improved by TRT. However, these benefits must be weighed against potential risks. TRT may exacerbate fluid retention, arterial hypertension, or exacerbate existing heart failure, particularly in CKD patients with pre-existing cardiovascular comorbidities. Additionally, concerns about the progression of renal disease via several testosterone affected pathways involving renal tubular integrity exi