Impacts of Pre-Diabetes or Prehypertension on Subsequent Occurrence of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality among Population without Cardiovascular Diseases

Among the population without cardiovascular diseases (CVD), it is unclear whether pre-diabetes and/or prehypertension elevated the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. All participants without CVD at baseline were recruited from the 1999-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), with survival status being updated until 31 December 2015. Cox proportional hazards models and subgroup analyses were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI). There were 23,622 participants (11,233 [47.6%] male) with mean age of 37.2 years. Compared to participants without prehypertension or pre-diabetes, the HRs for all-cause mortality among participants with prehypertension alone, pre-diabetes alone, and combined pre-diabetes and prehypertension were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.24), 0.96 (95% CI:0.76, 1.21), and 1.19 (95% CI:0.98, 1.46), respectively. The corresponding HRs for cardiovascular mortality were 1.51 (95% CI: 0.83, 2.77), 1.40 (95% CI: 0.64, 3.06), and 1.70 (95% CI: 0.88, 3.27), respectively. A subgroup analysis showed that participants with combined pre-diabetes and prehypertension had a higher risk of all-cause mortality among younger participants, higher BMI, white population, and people with elevated non-HDLC. Moreover, the association between combined pre-diabetes and prehypertension and cardiovascular death was only significant among people with elevated non-HDLC. Pre-diabetes combined with prehypertension might elevate the risk of all-cause mortality among subjects, particularly for those with elevated body weight, high non-HDLC, younger participants or white population.