Architectural Design of IoT Agricultural System in Indonesia

Indonesia’s agricultural system is gradually transitioning towards a contemporary agricultural system. The agricultural system in Indonesia is characterized by its distinctiveness, encompassing a wide range of commodities and diverse meteorological conditions. Situations of this nature necessitate an automation approach based on the Internet of Things (IoT). We design three primary components in its architectural design: the user control and monitoring module, the sensing module, and the action module. The user control and monitoring module facilitates instantaneous monitoring and control through mobile devices and websites, while securely storing gathered data on remote cloud servers. The sensing module acquires environmental data, including light intensity, temperature, and soil moisture, and subsequently transmits this data to the control system via LoRa technology. The control system analyses this data and provides commands to modules that carry out operations such as irrigation, lighting, and nutrient spraying. LoRa technology is highly suitable for long-range communications with minimal power usage, making it an excellent choice for rural locations with unreliable networks. This architectural design enables independent monitoring and control of environmental factors to guarantee the most favourable conditions for crop development, consequently enhancing agricultural efficiency, productivity, and sustainability.