Akkermansia muciniphila as a Next-Generation Probiotic in Modulating Human Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease Progression: A Role Mediated by Gut-Liver-Brain Axes?

Appreciation of the importance of is growing, and it is becoming increasingly relevant to identify preventive and/or therapeutic solutions targeting gut-liver-brain axes for multiple diseases via . In recent years, and its components such as outer membrane proteins and extracellular vesicles have been known to ameliorate host metabolic health and intestinal homeostasis. However, the impacts of on host health and disease are complex, as both potentially beneficial and adverse effects are mediated by and its derivatives, and in some cases, these effects are dependent upon the host physiology microenvironment and the forms, genotypes, and strain sources of . Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of how interacts with the host and influences host metabolic homeostasis and disease progression. Details of will be discussed including its biological and genetic characteristics; biological functions including anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-metabolic-syndrome, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, anti-neurodegenerative disease, and anti-cancer therapy functions; and strategies to elevate its abundance. Key events will be referred to in some specific disease states, and this knowledge should facilitate the identification of -based probiotic therapy targeting multiple diseases via gut-liver-brain axes.