Risk Assessment of Steam Pipelines in Industrial Areas

A framework is presented to evaluate external risk from steam pipelines. Though water is not labeled as such, it can be a dangerous substance. The standard QRA approach, scenario definition followed by calculation of effects, damage and risk is also well suited for steam pipelines. However some modeling modifications need to be made due to the heat transfer by convection instead of radiation. To evaluate the need for extra safeguarding a risk matrix approach is illustrated with some examples.