Protocol for the Adaptation of a Direct Observational Measure of Parent-Child Interaction for Use With 7-8-Year-Old Children

Parenting sensitivity and mutual parent-child attunement are key features of environments that support children's learning and development. To-date, observational measures of these constructs have focused on children aged 2-6 years and are less relevant to the more sophisticated developmental skills of children aged 7-8 years, despite parenting being equally important at these ages. We undertook a rigorous process to adapt an existing observational measure for 7-8-year-old children and their parents. This paper aimed to: (i) describe a protocol for adapting an existing framework for rating parent-child interactions, (ii) determine variations in parents' sensitive responding and parent-child mutual attunement ('positive mutuality') by family demographics, and (iii) evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed measure (i.e., inter-rater reliability, construct validity). Parent-child dyads completed one home visit, including a free-play observation and parent questionnaire. Dyads were provided with three toy sets: LEGO Classic Box, Classic Jenga , and animal cards. The was adapted for use with 7-8-year-old children, and rating procedures were streamlined for reliable use by non-clinician/student raters, producing the Trained staff rated video-recorded observations on 11 behaviors across two domains (five for parents' sensitive responding, six for parent-child positive mutuality). Data were available for 596 dyads. Consistently strong inter-rater agreement on the 11 observed behaviors was achieved across the 10-week rating period (average: 87.6%, range: 71.7% to 96.7%). Average ICCs were 0.77 for sensitive responding and 0.84 for positive mutuality. These domains were found to be related but distinct constructs ( = 0.49, < 0.001). For both domains, average ratings were strongly associated with the main toy used during the observation ( < 0.001, highest: cards, lowest: LEGO ). Adjusted multivariate linear regression models (accounting for toy choice) revealed that less sensitive responding was associated with younger parent ( = 0.04), male parent ( = 0.03), non-English speaking background ( = 0.04), and greater neighborhood disadvantage ( = 0.02). Construct validity was demonstrated using six parent-reported psychosocial and parenting measures. The Years shows promise as a reliable and valid measure of parent-child interaction in the early school years. Toy selection for direct observation should be considered carefully in research and practice s