Burned-Area Detection in Amazonian Environments Using Standardized Time Series Per Pixel in MODIS Data

Fires associated with the expansion of cattle ranching and agriculture have become a problem in the Amazon biome, causing severe environmental damages. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used in fire monitoring on the extensive Amazon forest, but accurate automated fire detection needs improvements. The popular Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD64 product still has high omission errors in the region. This research aimed to evaluate MODIS time series spectral indices for mapping burned areas in the municipality of Novo Progresso (State of Pará) and to determine their accuracy in the different types of land use/land cover during the period 2000–2014. The burned area mapping from 8-day composite products, compared the following data: near-infrared (NIR) band; spectral indices (Burnt Area Index (BAIM), Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI), Mid Infrared Burn Index (MIRBI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), variation of Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR2), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)); and the seasonal difference of spectral indices. Moreover, we compared the time series normalization methods per pixel (zero-mean normalization and Z-score) and the seasonal difference between consecutive years. Threshold-value determination for the fire occurrences was obtained from the comparison of MODIS series with visual image classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data using the overall accuracy. The best result considered the following factors: NIR band and zero-mean normalization, obtaining the overall accuracy of 98.99%, commission errors of 32.41%, and omission errors of 31.64%. The proposed method presented better results in burned area detection in the natural fields (Campinarana) with an overall accuracy value of 99.25%, commission errors of 9.71%, and omission errors of 27.60%, as well as pasture, with overall accuracy value of 99.19%, commission errors of 27.60%, and omission errors of 34.76%. Forest areas had a lower accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 98.62%, commission errors of 23.40%, and omission errors of 49.62%. The best performance of the burned area detection in the pastures is relevant because the deforested areas are responsible for more than 70% of fire events. The results of the proposed method were better than the burned area products (MCD45, MCD64, and FIRE-CCI), but still presented limitations in the identification of b