Exploring the influence of target atomic number (Z2) on mean equilibrium charge state (q¯: A comprehensive study

We have investigated the effect of the target atomic number Z 2 on the mean charge state ( q ¯ using various model predictions such as the Shima–Ishihara –Mikumo, Ziegler–Biersack–Littmark, Schiwietz, Schiwietz–Grande , Fermi-gas-models and theoretical codes with experimental data available in the literature. This investigation makes it possible to determine the best-fit model to calculate q ¯. In this work, we discuss the post-collision charge state distribution in different targets used as thin films and projectile beams (F q+ , Si q+ , Cl q+ , and Cu q+ ) with different charge states (available in literature). A detailed overview of such collision experiments has been explored over a wide energy range of 1.07–3.93 MeV/u. In this contribution, an overview of the mean charge state dependence on the Fermi velocity of target materials is provided. Finally, the influence of the non-radiative electron capture at the target exit surface on the projectile charge state distribution for fast projectiles in different targets is shown, and a comparison is made with experimental data.