Neuromodulation of the peripheral nervous system: Bioelectronic technology and prospective developments

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a fascinatingly complex and crucial component of the human body, responsible for transmitting vital signals throughout the body's intricate network of nerves. Its efficient functioning is paramount to our health, with any dysfunction often resulting in serious medical conditions, including motor disorders, neurological diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Recent strides in science and technology have made neuromodulation of the PNS a promising avenue for addressing these health issues. Neuromodulation involves modifying nerve activity using a range of techniques, such as electrical, chemical, optical, and mechanical stimulation. Bioelectronics plays a critical role in this effort, allowing for precise, controlled, and sustained stimulation of the PNS. This paper provides an overview of the PNS, discusses the current state of neuromodulation devices, and presents emerging trends in the field, including advances in wireless power transfer and materials, that are shaping the future of neuromodulation. Our manuscript describes the crucial role of the peripheral nervous system in health, underscoring the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation for a range of serious medical conditions. In this comprehensive review, we explore various neuromodulation techniques—such as electrical, chemical, optical, and mechanical stimulation—that have been enhanced by recent developments in bioelectronics. We evaluate the current landscape of neuromodulation devices and illuminate emerging trends, including the wireless power transfer and the materials. Thus, our work delineates the promising future of neuromodulation in the medical fields.