Workers’ settlements and factory cities in the 20th century: evolution of ideas and implementation in world practice

The article presents the results of a large-scale study of workers' settlements and such formations as a factory city and a garden city at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe and in the Urals. The grounds for the creation of workers' settlements at industrial enterprises are revealed, ranging from the initiative of philanthropists and owners of enterprises to the mandatory housing developments around production facilities. The social policy of the owners of factories (private and public) is shown, which accounts for the diverse and specialized architecture of the settlements. The inclusion of the considered objects in the list of historical monuments is an important fact for the history of architecture of the period of industrial development of Europe.