Proposing of a two-stage system known as the PV/T-ST system combining thermoelectric conversion technology for round-the-clock electrical output

In this study, a two-stage system known as the PV/T-ST system with a series photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) module and a solar thermal (ST) collector combining thermoelectric conversion technology is proposed. In the daytime, the PV/T module generates power and captures low-temperature heat simultaneously. The ST module achieves secondary heating of water and secondary thermal-electric output by the thermoelectric generators (TEG). In the nighttime, the water heated by day continues to circulate, providing heat for TEG, thus achieving round-the-clock electrical output. Theoretical research reveals that the system’s total electrical power reaches its maximum value at 11:57, measuring 97.43 W. The maximum heat gain amounts to 380.67 W. During the night, TEG operates continuously and experiences a gradual decline in electrical output, with an average electrical efficiency of 0.43%.