Coupled Electro-Thermal-Aging Battery Pack Modeling—Part 1: Cell Level

This paper presents a modeling approach to capture the coupled effects of electrical–thermal aging in Li-ion batteries at the cell level. The proposed semi-empirical method allows for a relatively high accuracy and low computational cost compared to expensive computer simulations. This is something current models often lack but is essential for system level simulations, relevant for electric vehicle manufacturers. The aging analysis includes both cycling and calendar effects across the lifetime of the cell and reversible and irreversible heat in a lumped-mass model to capture the temperature evolution of the cell in operation. The Thévenin equivalent circuit model with capacitance used to simulate the electrical behavior of the cell was experimentally validated, showing a high correlation with the proposed model during the charging and discharging phases. A maximum error of 3% on the voltage reading was identified during discharge with the complete model. This model was also designed to be used as a stepping stone for a comprehensive model at the module and vehicle levels that can later be used by designers.