The loess landscapes of the Lower Rhine Embayment as (geo-)archeological archives – insights and challenges from a geomorphological and sedimentological perspective

Archeological and geoscientific research in loess landscapes remains challenging due to erosional discordances and the relocation of sediments by fluvial erosion and slope wash. The Lower Rhine Embayment (LRE) can serve as a blueprint for archeological and paleoenvironmental research in loess landscapes of Central Europe. The accumulation of wind-blown dust; paleosols developed therein; and the archeological artifacts preserved in loess, colluvial or alluvial sediments are evidence of the Pleistocene and Holocene dynamics of the landscape. Geomorphologic processes in different and specific relief positions must be considered different processes that transform and relocate sediments and archeological remains. Besides aeolian accumulation, erosion and deflation have also transformed the landscape of the LRE. These include fluvial slope wash, gully formation, colluviation, and periglacial processes such as solifluction, cryoturbation and the formation of ice wedge pseudomorphs. In addition, other post-depositional processes, including weathering and soil formation, modify the sedimentary record. In light of the landscape evolution from more hilly landscapes to the flat, agriculturally used terrain we see today, we highlight the relevance and importance of different geomorphological and soil processes including their impacts and challenges for archeological and geoscientific studies.