De‐Mystifying the Clone‐Censor‐Weight Method for Causal Research Using Observational Data: A Primer for Cancer Researchers

ABSTRACT Background Regulators and oncology healthcare providers are increasingly interested in using observational studies of real‐world data (RWD) to complement clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials for informed decision‐making. To generate valid evidence, RWD studies must be carefully designed to avoid systematic biases. The clone‐censor‐weight (CCW) method has been proposed to address immortal time and other time‐related biases. Methods The objective of this manuscript is to de‐mystify the CCW method for cancer researchers by describing and presenting its core components in an accessible and digestible format, using visualizations and examples from cancer‐relevant studies. The CCW method has been applied in diverse settings, including investigations of the effects of surgery within a certain time after cancer diagnosis, the continuation of annual screening mammography, and chemotherapy duration on survival. Results The method handles complex data wherein the treatment group to which an individual belongs is unknown at the start of follow‐up. The three steps of the CCW method involve cloning or duplicating the patient population and assigning one clone to each treatment strategy, artificially censoring the clones when their observed data are inconsistent with the assigned strategy and weighting the cloned and censored population to address selection bias created by the artificial censoring. Conclusions The CCW method is a powerful tool for designing RWD studies in cancer that are free from time‐related biases and successfully, to the extent possible, emulate features of a randomized clinical trial. The clone‐censor‐weight (CCW) method has been proposed to address time‐related biases in causal research using observational data. The goal of this paper is to de‐mystify the CCW method through: (1) a narrative review of current applications in the cancer literature, (2) visual presentation and description of the CCW design and analytic components, (3) application of these visuals to several cancer case studies, and (4) discussion of important considerations and future directions.