Foot-and-mouth disease knowledge and attitude as determinants of preventative behaviors among dairy farmers in a Thai endemic setting based on structural equation modeling

Thailand has been struggling to eliminate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) for many years. To combat FMD, dairy farmers are advised to implement biosecurity measures and vaccinate their cattle regularly. Despite taking these precautions, the disease persists, with outbreaks occurring frequently in certain regions. This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) involved in FMD surveillance and prevention among dairy farmers in endemic areas and identify a causal relationship between them. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to May 2023 in 109 dairy farms using questionnaires for data collection. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied to examine the KAP predictors with process path analysis conducted among significant factors. The results indicated that most dairy farmers demonstrated moderate level of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward FMD surveillance and control for 66.06%, 50.46%, and 54.13% of respondents, respectively. Additionally, a positive relationship was found between knowledge and attitude (β = 1.68, p < 0.05) and between attitude and practices (β = 0.55, p < 0.05). Additionally, educational background had a positive effect on knowledge of FMD (β = 2.54, p < 0.05). Accessibility to FMD information positively enhanced the farmers’ knowledge and attitude (β = 0.89, 1.79, respectively; p < 0.05) toward preventive practices. The results of this study suggest that continuous and regular FMD surveillance and prevention training should be provided for dairy farmers. Furthermore, practically understandable media and appropriately qualified personnel are required to encourage dairy farmers in this area to improve their knowledge and attitude, which would positively impact the quality of FMD preventive practices.