Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Exhibited a Significant Change in Virulence and Race Frequency in Xinjiang, China

Xinjiang is an important region due to its unique epidemic characteristics of wheat stripe rust disease caused by f. sp. . Some previous studies on race identification were conducted in this region, but it is still unclear how temporal changes affect the dynamics, diversity, and virulence characteristics of races in Xinjiang. To gain a better understanding, we compared the race data from spring and winter wheat crops of 2022 with that of 2021. Our results showed a significant change in virulence frequency in 2022. , , and exhibited an increasing trend, with a frequency of ≥18%, while the maximum decline was observed in , , and , with a frequency of ≤-25%. It was found that and remained effective against Xinjiang races. The race diversity increased from 0.92 (70 races out of 345 isolates) to 0.94 (90 races out of 354 isolates) in 2022, with being the dominant race group. Race became prevalent in the region in 2022, while the grouped was wiped out in 2022, from both summer and winter crop seasons. and groups showed an overall declining trend. Overall prevalent races showed over-summering and over-wintering behaviors in Xinjiang. The number of new races occurrence frequency increased by 34% in 2022, indicating a potential change in the population structure of . It is crucial to introduce newly resistant gene cultivars in this region and to establish rust-monitoring protocols to prepare for any future epidemics.