“Nutrient–fungi–host” tripartite interaction in cancer progression

The human microbiome exhibits a profound connection with the cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response, with particular emphasis on its components of the mycobiome, which are still in the early stages of research. In this review, we comprehensively summarize cancer‐related symbiotic and pathogenic fungal genera. The intricate mechanisms through which fungi impact cancer as an integral member of both gut and tissue‐resident microbiomes are further discussed. In addition, we shed light on the pivotal physiological roles of various nutrients, including cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals, in facilitating the growth, reproduction, and invasive pathogenesis of the fungi. While our exploration of the interplay between nutrients and cancer, mediated by the mycobiome, is ongoing, the current findings have yet to yield conclusive results. Thus, delving into the relationship between nutrients and fungal pathogenesis in cancer development and progression would provide valuable insights into anticancer therapy and foster precision nutrition and individualized treatments that target fungi from bench to bedside. Interactions between nutrient and fungi in cancer development and treatment remain under investigation. In this article, we aim to provide insights into the relationships between fungi and various categories of cancer, mediated by diverse nutrient sensing pathways of fungi in response to external environment. Moreover, we highlight the potential application of fungi‐targeted strategies in precision nutrition for both cancer prevention and treatment. Highlights Symbiotic and pathogenic fungi are crucial in modulating various processes of cancer. Dietary nutrients play essential physiological roles in growth, reproduction, and invasive pathogenesis of fungi. The interactions between nutrients and fungi in cancer development provide valuable insights into the application of fungi‐targeted strategies in precision nutrition for cancer prevention and treatment.