25-years of stewardship programs enhance regenerative outcomes in river delta soils of southwestern British Columbia, Canada

•Soil water regulation was improved by enrollment in stewardship programs.•Greater soil carbon was observed with enrollment in stewardship programs.•Grassland set-aside with winter cover cropping improved soil organic carbon storage potential.•Enrollment in stewardship programs can lead to regenerative outcomes. Agricultural stewardship programs that incentivize practices such as winter cover cropping (WCC), grassland set-asides (GLSA), and hedgerows (HR) for intensive annual agricultural production are often implemented to improve both soil conditions and provision of wildlife habitat in coastal agricultural systems of the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia (BC). Although these programs have been shown to support numerous ecosystem services, it is unclear how they contribute to regenerative agricultural outcomes. Regenerative agricultural practices aim to increase soil carbon inputs and reduce carbon dioxide losses which in turn improves soil structure, optimizes soil water regulation, and provides climate mitigation and resiliency of agricultural systems. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of agricultural stewardship programs for regenerative outcomes through indicators of climate mitigation and adaptation. Twenty-six fields in the southwestern, BC were grouped by those that participated in stewardship programs between 1992 and 2016 and those that did not. In the spring of 2018, soil samples were collected; soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were measured, and stocks were calculated; pedo-transfer functions were used to estimate soil water regulation indicators; and differences among stewardship program and non-program fields were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed effects model. The SOC (mg kg−1) from 0 to 15 cm was greater with implementation of stewardship programs. Topsoil equivalent soil mass SOC stocks (t/ha) were 71 % and 63 % greater in HR and WCC + GLSA program fields, respectively, compared to non-program fields. Soil workability threshold was 25 % and 14 % greater in HR and WCC + GLSA program fields, respectively, compared to non-program. Our results indicate that stewardship programs that include hedgerows and grassland set-asides promote accrual of soil carbon and improved soil water regulation and show that these programs can effectively enhance regenerative outcomes and improve agroecosystem resilience in this important agricultural region.