Prenatal diagnosis and early childhood outcome of fetuses with extremely large nuchal translucency

Objective To evaluate the prenatal and perinatal outcome of fetuses with extremely large nuchal translucency (eNT) thickness ([greater than or equal to] 6.5 mm). Methods 193 (0.61%) singleton fetuses with eNT were retrospectively included. Anomaly scan, echocardiography, and chromosomal and genetic test were included in our antenatal investigation. Postnatal follow-up was offered to all newborns. Results Major congenital anomalies included congenital heart defect (32.6%, 63/193), hydrops fetalis (13.5%, 26/193), omphalocele (9.3%, 18/193), and skeletal dysplasia (7.8%, 15/193) et al. Abnormal karyotype was identified in 81/115 (70.4%) cases including Turner syndrome (n = 47), Trisomy 18 (n = 17), Trisomy 21 (n = 9), and Trisomy 13 (n = 3). Chromosomal microarray analysis provided informative results with 3.6% (1/28) incremental diagnostic yield over conventional karyotyping. The diagnostic yield of exome sequencing is 10.0% (2/20). There was no significant increase [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.974; 95% confidence interval 0.863-4.516; P = 0.104] in the incidence of chromosomal defects despite the presence of other structural anomalies. Only 13 fetuses were successfully followed up and survived at term, no one was found with developmental delay or mental retardation. Conclusions Extremely large NT has a high risk of chromosomal abnormality. CMA and ES improve chromosomal genomic and genetic diagnosis of fetal increased NT. When cytogenetic analysis and morphology assessment are both normal, the outcome is good. Keywords: Extremely large nuchal translucency, Cystic hygroma, Hydrops, Prenatal diagnosis, Microarray analysis, Exome sequencing