The Ultramorphology and Sexual Dimorphism of Antennae and Sensilla in the Pale Grass Blue, Pseudozizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

The pale grass blue, , is a small lycaenid butterfly widely distributed across Asia. Due to its exclusively diurnal lifestyle and conspicuous sexual dimorphism in wing coloration, vision has traditionally been regarded as the primary sensory system driving various behaviors. However, non-visual sensory systems related to sex-specific behavioral responses, such as antennae, have received far less attention. This study investigated the morphological characteristics and sensilla types of the antennae in adult using scanning electron microscopy, with a focus on potential sexual dimorphism. The antennae of adult are clavate, with no significant sexual differences in overall morphology. Six types of antennal sensilla were identified: Böhm bristles, sensilla squamiformia, sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla coeloconica, with no sexual dimorphism observed in their morphological types or dimensions. Remarkably, the sensilla coeloconica exhibit significant sexual dimorphism, with a more prominent presence in females. This finding suggests that female may rely more on olfactory cues for some sex-specific behaviors, such as oviposition site selection.