Revealing mitf functions and visualizing allografted tumor metastasis in colorless and immunodeficient Xenopus tropicalis

Transparent immunodeficient animal models not only enhance in vivo imaging investigations of visceral organ development but also facilitate in vivo tracking of transplanted tumor cells. However, at present, transparent and immunodeficient animal models are confined to zebrafish, presenting substantial challenges for real-time, in vivo imaging studies addressing specific biological inquiries. Here, we employed a mitf −/− / prkdc −/− / il2rg −/− triple-knockout strategy to establish a colorless and immunodeficient amphibian model of Xenopus tropicalis . By disrupting the mitf gene, we observed the loss of melanophores, xanthophores, and granular glands in Xenopus tropicalis . Through the endogenous mitf promoter to drive BRAF V600E expression, we confirmed mitf expression in melanophores, xanthophores and granular glands. Moreover, the reconstruction of the disrupted site effectively reinstated melanophores, xanthophores, and granular glands, further highlighting the crucial role of mitf as a regulator in their development. By crossing mitf −/− frogs with prkdc −/− / il2rg −/− frogs, we generated a mitf −/− / prkdc −/− / il2rg −/− Xenopus tropicalis line, providing a colorless and immunodeficient amphibian model. Utilizing this model, we successfully observed intravital metastases of allotransplanted xanthophoromas and migrations of allotransplanted melanomas. Overall, colorless and immunodeficient Xenopus tropicalis holds great promise as a valuable platform for tumorous and developmental biology research. Xenopus tropicalis with triple knockout of mitf , prkdc , and il2rg is a colorless immunodeficient animal model. The mitf −/− frog further underscores the vital role of the mitf in the development of melanophores, xanthophores, and granular glands.