Towards a neutron and X-ray reflectometry environment for the study of solid–liquid interfaces under shear

A novel neutron and X-ray reflectometry sample environment is presented for the study of surface-active molecules at solid–liquid interfaces under shear. Neutron reflectometry was successfully used to characterise the iron oxide–dodecane interface at a shear rate of 7.0 × 10 2 s - 1 using a combination of conventional reflectometry theory coupled with the summation of reflected intensities to describe reflectivity from thicker films. Additionally, the structure adopted by glycerol monooleate (GMO), an Organic Friction Modifier, when adsorbed at the iron oxide–dodecane interface at a shear rate of 7.0 × 10 2 s - 1 was studied. It was found that GMO forms a surface layer that appears unaltered by the effect of shear, where the thickness of the GMO layer was found to be 24 . 3 - 10.2 + 9.9 Å under direct shear at 7.0 × 10 2 s - 1 and 25 . 8 - 5.2 + 4.4 Å when not directly under shear. Finally, a model to analyse X-ray reflectometry data collected with the sample environment is also described and applied to data collected at 3.0 × 10 3 s - 1 .