Calcium signals between the ryanodine receptor- and mitochondria critically regulate the effects of arsenite on mitochondrial superoxide formation and on the ensuing survival vs apoptotic signaling

A low concentration of arsenite (6 h), selectively stimulating the intraluminal crosstalk between the inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor and the ryanodine receptor (RyR), increased the mitochondrial transport of RyR-derived Ca through the mitochondrial Ca uniporter. This event was characterized in intact and permeabilized cells, and was shown to be critical for mitochondrial superoxide (mitoO ) formation. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca accumulation therefore prevented the effects of arsenite, in both the mitochondrial (e.g., cardiolipin oxidation) and extramitochondrial (e.g., DNA single- strand breakage) compartments, and suppressed the Nrf2/GSH survival signaling. The effects of arsenite on Ca homeostasis and mitoO formation were reversible, as determined after an additional 10 h incubation in fresh culture medium and by measuring long-term viability. A 16 h continuous exposure to arsenite instead produced a sustained increase in the cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca concentrations, a further increased mitoO formation and mitochondrial permeability transition. These events, followed by delayed apoptosis (48 h), were sensitive to treatments/manipulations preventing mitochondrial Ca accumulation. Interestingly, cells remained viable under conditions in which the deregulated Ca homeostasis was not accompanied by mitoO formation. In conclusion, we report that the fraction of Ca taken up by the mitochondria in response to arsenite derives from the RyR. Mitochondrial Ca appears critical for mitoO formation and for the triggering of both the cytoprotective and apoptotic signaling. The effects of arsenite were reversible, whereas its prolonged exposure caused a sustained increase in mitochondrial Ca and mitoO formation, and the prevalence of the apoptotic vs survival signaling.