The Effect of Formulated Dentin Remineralizing Gel Containing Hydroxyapatite, Fluoride, and Bioactive Glass on Dentin Microhardness: An In Vitro Study

This study aimed to develop a gel with dentin-remineralizing properties, integrating nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), sodium fluoride (NaF), and bioactive glass (BG). The enamel layer of 40 bovine incisors was removed. The samples were allocated into four groups of 10 each, based on varying concentrations of nHA, BG, and NaF in the gel compositions (wt%): (1) 2.5%-7.5%-0.05%, (2) 5%-5%-0.05%, (3) 7.5%-2.5%-0.05%, and (4) a control group with a base gel lacking remineralizing agents. After 8 hr of demineralization, the dentin surface microhardness was measured at depths of 30, 60, and 140 m. After a 20-day pH cycling, the percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR%) was measured and compared among the groups using the ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests ( = 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy analysis evaluated each specimen's superficial morphology. At all depths, the SMHR% of the Group 2 and Group 3 was significantly higher than the control group ( < 0.05). The SMHR% Group 1 (67.39% ± 29.34%) was significantly higher than the control group (-21.24% ± 51.72%) only at the depth of 30 m ( = 0.047). Group 3 had higher SMHR% than Group 2 at all depths; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, the SMHR% of Group 3 was significantly higher than that of Group 1 at depths of 30 m (187. 94% ± 68.95% vs. 67.39% ± 29.34%; = 0.005) and 60 m (179.55% ± 75.96% vs. 64.34% ± 41.96%; = 0.043). Surface deposition and tubule occlusion were observed in the Groups 2 and 3 samples, which was more prominent in the latter. Combining 7.5% nHA, 2.5% BG, and 0.05% NaF could potentially remineralize primary carious lesions.