Effects of a Personalized Navigation Support Approach on Students' Context-Aware Ubiquitous Learning Performances

In context-aware ubiquitous learning, the learning resources of the learning environment are limited, and the learners need to frequently move between learning targets. Therefore, how to provide appropriate learning paths for students in the real world is essential in context-aware ubiquitous learning. In this study, a personalized navigation support strategy considering learners' individual learning styles is proposed for context-aware ubiquitous learning. To evaluate the effectiveness of the newly proposed navigation support strategy, a context-aware ubiquitous learning system conducting the personalized navigation support strategy was developed, and a field experiment of context-aware learning activities was conducted in a museum. The experimental results revealed that although the personalized navigation support strategy did not significantly enhance the students' learning achievement, it did significantly improve their learning efficiency. Further analysis showed that the conforming learners greatly benefited from the personalized navigation support mechanism, while the transformation learners and the performing learners were less affected.