Nutrigenetics: unravelling the genetic contributions to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus

In this review, we aim to explore the field of nutrigenetics and its potential impact on obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Current dietary approaches in nutritional science often overlook the individual’s genetic profile, limiting the effectiveness of personalized diets. Nutrigenetics aims to incorporate genetic data into nutritional interventions to optimize disease prevention and treatment strategies. Regarding obesity, genetic factors, including multiple genes and alleles, influence body weight and predisposition to obesity. The FTO and MC4R genes, for example, have been linked to weight gain and appetite regulation. Similarly, genetic variations in the APO-A and APO-E gene families affect lipid metabolism and susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Genetic variations in genes such as MTHFR and PPAR-γ2 have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, while dietary factors, such as the consumption of fruits and vegetables, can reduce the likelihood of developing these diseases. In diabetes mellitus, both type 1 and type 2, genetic factors also play a significant role. Genes like IGF2BP2 and PRKAA2 impact insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. Although nutrigenetics is still a developing field, it has the potential to revolutionize personalized nutrition plans and improve health outcomes.