Some features of sclerotic processes in the walls of the bile ducts and gall bladder in chronic bile tract diseases (a review of literature)

The article presents the results of studies of variants of the development of sclerotic changes in the liver tissue, intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, as well as the walls of the gallbladder associated with various chronic diseases of the biliary tract. The features of changes characteristic of acute and chronic forms of cholangitis of various etiologies, cholecystitis at the macro- and microscopic level at different stages of the development of disorders have been established. The characteristic features of sclerotic processes in the walls of the biliary tract and their comparison with the underlying disease are highlighted. The main etiological factors in the development of sclerotic processes include autoimmune processes, bacterial and parasitic invasions, less often viral and fungal infections. The most specific manifestations in various diseases are: fibrosis of the walls of the bile ducts in the form of an “onion peel” in primary sclerosing cholangitis, proliferation of connective tissue after the disappearance of the ducts in primary biliary cholangitis, the formation of granulomas around the parasite helminths that have entered the wall of the biliary tract in opisthorchiasis sclerosing cholangitis, atrophy tissue structures characteristic of an organ with an overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue by more than 2 times in chronic calculous and acalculous cholecystitis.