Coastal Phytoplankton Pigments Composition in Three Tropical Estuaries of Indonesia

In this study, the composition and distribution of phytoplankton pigments and its relation to nutrients and light was investigated, and an elaboration of using it as a proxy for phytoplankton group composition followed, in different nutrient-level tropical bays of Indonesia. Phytoplankton pigment analysis by using High Performance Liquid Chromatographer (HPLC) resulted in a set of pigments of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), chlorophyll-b (Chl-b), chlorophyll-c (Chl-c), lutein, zeaxanthin, fucoxanthin, peridinin, diadinoxanthin, and ß-carotene. Linear multi regression and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) showed that algae pigments correlate positively with nutrients and are not significantly correlated with underwater light and water transparency, suggesting important roles of nutrients for phytoplankton development in tropical estuaries. There were differences in total algae pigment concentration between bays (p < 0.005), showing that the eutrophic system of Jakarta Bay was the highest (mean of 10.55 μg L−1), Lampung Bay was the second highest (mean of 3.37 μg L−1), and the lowest were the oligotrophic waters of Semangka Bay (mean of 0.80 μg L−1). At all bays studied, high nutrient sites, which were located in the river mouths and inner part of the bay, were always characterized by high phytoplankton pigment concentration. Pigment composition had a high correlation with phytoplankton composition: diatoms with fucoxanthin, dinoflagellates with peridinin and Chl-c, and Chlorophyceae with Chl-b and lutein. This conformity suggests that algae pigments can be used as a biomarker for phytoplankton group determination along with microscopic species identification.