Unveiling the Interplanetary Solar Radio Bursts of the 2024 Mother’s Day Solar Storm

We report on a comprehensive study of interplanetary type III radio bursts linked to X-class solar flares from NOAA active region 13664, which instigated the intense 2024 Mother’s Day solar storm, marked by a geomagnetic storm of −412 nT, the strongest in over two decades. Utilizing novel localization techniques with direction-finding data from STEREO-A, we identify an average eastward drift of 13.°42 ± 11.°63 in radio source locations relative to GOES observations. Our analysis reveals a significant correlation between solar flare intensity and longitude (Kendall’s tau = 0.535) and a strong correlation between radio flux at 1 MHz and GOES 1–8 Å soft X-ray flux (Kendall’s tau = 0.648). The timing analysis shows that peak soft X-ray fluxes typically follow electron beam liftoff by 3.24 ± 4.42 minutes. These insights into solar radio burst propagation and localization enhance our understanding of solar–terrestrial interactions and improve space weather forecasting capabilities.