Enhancement of Fertilizer Efficiency Through Chinese Milk Vetch and Rice Straw Incorporation

The incorporation of rice straw (RS) and Chinese milk vetch (CMV) with reduced chemical fertilizers (CFs) is a viable solution to reduce the dependency on CF. However, limited research has been conducted to investigate the impact of CMV and RS with reduced CF on rice production. A field trial was conducted from 2018 to 2021 with six treatments: CK (no fertilizer), F100 (100% NPK fertilizer (CF)), MSF100 (100% CF+CMV and RS incorporation), MSF80 (80% CF+CMV+RS), MSF60 (60% CF+CMV+RS), and MSF40 (40% CF+CMV+RS). The results revealed that compared with the F100, the MSF80 treatment maintained a significantly higher mean grain yield over the four years, with an increase of 5.8~24.5%. MSF80 treatment also improved nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) use efficiencies, sustainable yield index, and partial factor productivity. Soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium N (NH -N), nitrate N (NO -N), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents were significantly enhanced under MSF80 across different growth stages in both 2020 and 2021 seasons over F100. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation among SOM, TN, NH -N, AP, AK, and rice yield. Additionally, Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) demonstrated significant relationships between organic amendments, soil nutrients, nutrient uptake, and yield. The above findings suggest that combining RS returning with CMV incorporation is a long-term sustainable strategy for maintaining soil health, and it could reduce fertilizer addition by 20% without prejudicing rice grain yield under a rice-green manure rotation system.