Numerical simulation of three-dimensional seepage field in a tailing pond under multiple operating conditions

Establishing strong seepage stability for tailings dams is crucial for ensuring their safety and mitigating the risk of failure. This study developed a three-dimensional seepage numerical model using finite element numerical computation for four different elevation conditions (5070 m, 5081 m, 5159 m, and 5213 m) encompassing the pond area and dam body. Seepage calculations were conducted under normal and flooding conditions, and the tailings pond’s seepage stability was assessed for various stacking scenarios. The spatial distribution pattern of the infiltration surface and the hydraulic stability of the tailings pond were evaluated, which provides insights into the three-dimensional infiltration stability. Examining the seepage stability under different accumulation conditions revealed distinct spatial distribution patterns of the infiltration surface and hydraulic ratio drop values. The findings indicated that the maximum permeability slope at 5070 m elevation ranged from 0.66 to 0.75 at normal operation water level and maximum flood level. Most hydraulic ratio drop values at 5081 m were below 0.2, while the anti-seepage lining sections at 5159 m and 5213 m showed larger values, and maintained the overall hydraulic ratio drop within safe limits. Consequently, the dam body’s permeability was deemed secure, and no infiltration damage was anticipated with the proposed design of seepage control and drainage facilities. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of the tailing sand’s permeability coefficient demonstrated that variations between 0.2 and 5 times the given parameter align with the seepage control requirements for the tailings dam. Additionally, local geomembrane breakage was found to have minimal impact on the tailing pond’s seepage field and the dam body’s permeability stability, which provides a scientific foundation for analyzing and designing the seismic static-dynamic stability of the tailings pond.