Prevalence of tuberculosis among mentally ill patients in conflict-stricken Afghanistan: A cross-sectional study

•TB and mental illness share causes such as poverty, malnutrition, and stress.•Out of 8598 patients, 275 (17%) were diagnosed with TB, of whom 91% were women.•The TB rate was 10 times higher among the mentally ill than in other people.•TB services should be integrated into mental health care and vice versa Tuberculosis (TB) and mental illness share underlying factors such as poverty, malnutrition, and stress. This study’s objective was to determine the prevalence of TB among mentally ill patients in Afghanistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five public and one private health facility. All patients in those centers were screened for TB, and the diagnosis of TB was made with GeneXpert or made clinically by a physician. Out of 8598 patients registered, 8324 (96.8%) were reached and 8073 (93.9%) were screened for TB, of whom 1703 (21.1%) were found to be presumptive TB patients. A total of 275 (16.7%) were diagnosed with all forms of TB, of whom 90.5% were women. Eighty-eight (32%) of them were bacteriologically confirmed and 187 (68%) were clinically diagnosed. The number needed to screen (NNS) was 29.3 and the number needed to test (NNT) was 6.1. The overall prevalence of TB among mentally ill patients was 3,567/100,000—20 times higher than the national incidence rate. TB was independently associated with married and widowed adults, young adults, females, and oral sleep drug users. TB among mentally ill patients is very high, and we recommend that TB care and prevention services be integrated into mental health centers.