Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis in the Western Region of Java Island, Indonesia

Objective: This study aimed to map the spatiotemporal hotspots of tuberculosis (TB) prevalence distribution in the Western Region of Java Island. Material and Methods: To investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of TB prevalence, we standardized TB prevalence by year, with the percentile of TB prevalence being clustered with natural Jenks breaks optimization. To estimate the continuous geographical distribution of TB prevalence within each district, we performed inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods for spatial interpolation. We calculated the expected number of TB cases per 1 km2 grid cell in the aim of detecting TB prevalence hotspots. Results: The overall mean prevalence of newly reported TB cases was 73.2 cases per 100,000. The TB prevalence in West Java province, Banten province, and Jakarta province were 71.7, 69.7 and 85.8 per 100,000, respectively. High prevalence grid cells along the coast in the north, and low cells in West Java province; except nearby Bandung city where most areas are mountainous, were detected. Hotspots area was mostly found in either West Java province or Banten province; only 1 hotspot was detected in Jakarta province. Conclusion: Several hotspots were observed, not only in town administration areas but also in lower population density areas in West Java province. Raster grid cells with high prevalence were identified along the coastal area in the northern study area.