A nonlinear relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive function in elderly people: a population-based study from NHANES 2011–2014

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the association between alcohol intake and cognitive function in elderly Americans, including potential nonlinear relationships and interactions across different subgroups.MethodsThe study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014. The sample included 2,675 Americans aged 60 or older. Multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between alcohol intake and cognitive function. Smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analysis were employed to explore potential nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the stability of the results across different subgroups.ResultsThe results indicate a significant negative correlation between alcohol intake and cognitive function. In the CERAD total word recall test, for every unit increase in alcohol intake, the score decreased by 0.15 points (−0.15, 95% CI: −0.25, −0.04), and in the CERAD delayed recall test, it decreased by 0.07 points (−0.07, 95% CI: −0.12, −0.01). Compared to Non-Heavy Drinkers, Heavy Drinkers showed a reduction in their CERAD total word recall scores by-0.77 points (−0.77, 95% CI: −1.23, −0.32) and in their CERAD delayed recall scores by-0.28 points (−0.28, 95% CI: −0.52, −0.04). Smooth curve fitting analysis revealed a nonlinear relationship between alcohol intake and cognitive function, with breakpoints at 10.7 for the CERAD total word recall test, 4.7 for the Animal fluency test, and 3.85 for the Digit symbol substitution test. Additionally, subgroup analysis indicated that gender, educational level, and smoking status significantly moderated the relationship between alcohol intake and cognitive function, while marital status, race, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer status showed no significant interactions.ConclusionThe association between alcohol intake and cognitive function in the elderly is complex, influenced by both the amount of intake and individual subgroup characteristics.