Improving photovoltaic module efficiency using water sprinklers, air fans, and combined cooling systems

This research investigates the essential role of cooling systems in optimizing the performance of photovoltaic panels, particularly in hot climates. Elevated temperatures on the back surface of photovoltaic panels pose a challenge, potentially reducing electrical output and overall efficiency. To address this, a cooling system employing water spray and air was proposed and examined across three scenarios. Results show a consistent reduction in panel temperature with the implemented cooling systems. The drop in temperature of 24 °C (40%) and increase in the output power of 13% indicates its effectiveness, with peak efficiency observed during high ambient temperatures. When water cooling was used, the percentage drop in temperature ranged from approximately 20.5% to 35.4%. The air-cooling system achieves a percentage drop in temperature, ranging from approximately 6 to 26%. Hybrid cooling proves most effective in substantially reducing panel temperature compared to water or air alone. A detailed examination of output power reveals consistent and significant increases with cooling throughout the day. A significant higher percentage power increase is achieved during peak solar radiation hours highlighting the effectiveness of the system during intense sunlight exposure. The cumulative effect reinforces the practical significance of the cooling system, showing its potential to enhance daily energy yield. Efficiency trends consistently indicate higher efficiency with cooling compared to without cooling. The hybrid system, which appears as a promising solution for diverse environmental conditions cases, improves the overall efficiency by up to 2%.