Market volatility and crisis dynamics: a comprehensive analysis of U.S., China, India, and Pakistan stock markets with oil and gold interconnections during COVID-19 and Russia–Ukraine war periods

The objective of this paper is to explore the interconnectedness of volatility among the stock markets of U.S., China, India, and Pakistan in conjunction with oil and gold markets. Employing the novel Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) model for assessing connectedness, the study scrutinizes key patterns of dependency and interrelation between these markets. Furthermore, this study investigates the dynamic connectedness during the global health crisis due to COVID-19 and the geopolitical crisis due to Russia–Ukraine war periods to identify the changes in their relationship following the two crises episodes. The findings underscore the significance of volatility transmissions emanating from the U.S., a developed market, in shaping these dynamic linkages. It is observed that oil and gold returns play a limited role as sources of shocks for market returns in China, India, and Pakistan, suggesting a relatively lower contribution of oil and gold to equity market volatility. The results also emphasize the safe-haven characteristics of gold during periods of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war. Moreover, the study indicates that the volatility transmissions during the COVID-19 pandemic are more pronounced compared to the Russia–Ukraine war crisis. These findings hold notable implications for both investors and policymakers, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of market dynamics and the development of risk-averse strategies, particularly in times of crisis.