Relation between tumor micro-environment and epigenetic alterations in hematological malignancies

The bone marrow microenvironment is an anatomical site from which we can learn more. It is important to consider the different molecular mechanisms developed there, to obtain possible therapeutic targets that help prevent relapse and chemoresistance. This review addresses epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation, histone modification, miRNAs and lnRNAs) involved in the modulation of the microenvironment, which, in turn, contribute to the acquisition of chemoresistance and relapse. Addressing these aspects can contribute to a better understanding of interactions in the bone marrow, which helps turn chemotherapy into a more personalized treatment that not only evaluates alterations in malignant cells, but also considers epigenetic changes present in non-tumor cells, the release of cytokines and exosomes, as well as cell-cell communication. These interactions are described in different neoplastic diseases of hematological origin. [Display omitted] •Development of hematological neoplasms is linked to genetic, epigenetic, and bone marrow microenvironment alterations.•Cells in bone marrow have epigenetic alterations that modulate microenvironment and favor malignant transformation.•Chemoresistance and progression are mediated by epigenetic alterations of cells in the bone marrow microenvironment.•Cells of microenvironment release exosomes that increase the aggressiveness and chemoresistance of blasts than endocytes.