Volatile organic compounds emissions from traditional and clean domestic heating appliances in Guanzhong Plain, China: Emission factors, source profiles, and effects on regional air quality

•10 typical residential heating scenarios were selected to measure the VOC emissions.•TVOC EFs follow the sequence of fuel wood > maize straw > bitumite > anthracite.•Significant difference in emission profiles were found between coal and biomass.•Clean combustion technologies could lead to over 90% TVOC emissions. Solid (biomass and coal) fuels burned for residential heating are major sources of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, VOC samples were collected in-situ from chimneys in 10 typical heating scenarios in rural areas of the Guanzhong Plain. A modified SUMA canister approach was then employed, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Emission factors (EFs) (as received basis) of targeted non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) varied from 90.3 ± 29.3 to 12300 ± 1510 mg kg−1 in descending order of fuel wood > maize straw > bitumite ≫ anthracite (p